Effects of Cigarette Smoke and Opium on the Expression of CD9, CD36, and CD68 at mRNA and Protein Levels in Human Macrophage Cell Line THP-1.

Cigarette smoking and opium use are risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). It has been known that scavenger receptors such as CD36 and CD68 play critical roles in the pathogenesis of CAD. CD9, as a member of the tetraspanin, has been shown to interact with scavenger receptors. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of these risk factors on expression levels of CD9, CD36, and CD68 on the THP-1 cell line. The THP-1 cell line treated with cigarette smoke extract (CSE( and opium, both individually and combinatory, in 24 h incubation. The protein and mRNA levels of CD9, CD36, and CD68 were evaluated by flow cytometry and quantitative reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) techniques, respectively. CD36 and CD68 mRNA and protein expression levels were significantly increased in the cells treated with cigarette smoke extract compared to the control (p<0.001 in mRNA expression levels and p=0.016 and p=0.012 in protein expression levels, respectively). The CSE increased the level of CD9 protein expression compared to the control group (p=0.041) on the human macrophage cell line THP-1. No significant differences were observed in the CD9, CD36, and CD68 gene expression and at the protein levels between opium-treated THP-1 cells and controls. In conclusion, cigarettes by increasing the levels of CD36, CD68, and CD9 can be a risk factor in the development of many inflammatory diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung carcinoma.

Association between Genetic Polymorphisms in microRNA Machinery Genes and Risk of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Evidence suggests that the microRNAs are involved in tumorigenesis and progression of various types of malignant tumors. Therefore, the aim of current research was to examine association between genetic variants in the miRNA machinery genes and risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC) in Iranian population. Peripheral blood samples were collected from 120 PTC patients and 130 healthy subjects. Genotyping of polymorphisms in miRNA Machinery genes (DICER1 rs3742330, DROSHA rs6877842 and XPO5 rs11077) polymorphisms was performed using PCR-RFLP method. Chi square and independent sample t tests were applied for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. In this study, we found that frequency of DICER1 rs3742330G allele was significantly higher in controls compared to PTC patients. In addition, the DICER1 rs3742330 polymorphism was associated with lower risk of PTC in dominant (AG + GG vs. AA, OR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3-0.9, P = 0.03) model. No association was found between DROSHA rs6877842 and XPO5 rs11077 polymorphisms and PTC neither in dominant nor in recessive and allelic models. The frequency of DROSHA rs6877842GC genotype was higher in PTC patients with smaller tumor size (<1). Therefore, this polymorphism could be a protective factor for tumor development in PTC patients (OR = 0.3, 95%CI = 0.1-1, P = 0. 04). The current study indicated that DICER1 rs3742330 polymorphism was associated with lower risk of PTC. Furthermore, DROSHA rs6877842 polymorphism could be a protective factor for tumor development in PTC patients.

Impact of HOTAIR variants on preeclampsia susceptibility based on blood and placenta and in silico analysis.

HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) as a lncRNA involves in epigenetic regulation of various genes. Several studies have been suggested the effects of HOTAIR polymorphisms on different diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of maternal and placental HOTAIR polymorphisms on risk of preeclampsia (PE). The maternal blood of 203 preeclamptic and 202 nonpreeclamptic pregnant women as well as the placentas of 87 of preeclamptic and 95 nonpreeclamptic pregnant women were genotyped for HOTAIR polymorphisms. There was no association between maternal and placental HOTAIR polymorphisms (rs12826786, rs920778, and rs1899663) and PE risk. However, the maternal rs4759314AG and dominant model genotypes were associated with increased risk of PE. The maternal and placental HOTAIR rs10783618 polymorphism was associated with PE risk in recessive and allelic models. Haplotype analysis showed that, the maternal CTGAT and CCTAT and placental CTGAT haplotypes were significantly higher and maternal CTGAC, TCTAT, and TTGAT and placental CTGAC haplotypes were significantly lower in PE women. In silico analysis revealed that HOTAIR rs1899663 had a main effect on the secondary structure of mRNA, however, HOTAIR rs4759314 variant had potential alteration of splicing. In conclusion, the maternal and placental HOTAIR rs10783618 polymorphism might increase PE susceptibility. © 2019 IUBMB Life, 71(9):1367-1381, 2019.

The role of TNF-α and TLR4 polymorphisms in the placenta of pregnant women complicated by preeclampsia and in silico analysis.

Evidence showed that, pro inflammatory cytokines and mediators of innate immune responses may involve in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE). Therefore, the present investigation aimed to examine the possible effects of placental TNF-α and TLR4 polymorphisms on PE susceptibility. METHODS: The placental tissues were collected after delivery from 111 PE and 115 healthy pregnant women. The TNF-α-308G/A (rs1800629), TNF-α-238G/A (rs361525), TLR4 Asp299Gly (rs4986790) and TLR4 Thr399Ile (rs4986791) polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. Moreover, in-silico analysis was performed to evaluate the potential functions of these polymorphisms. RESULTS: The TNF-α -308 GA genotype was associated with a decreased PE risk. The frequency of TNF-α -238G/A genotypes did not differ between two groups, however, the frequency of TNF-α -238A allele was significantly higher in controls. No relationship between TLR4 Thr399Ile and Asp299Gly polymorphisms and PE was found. In-silico analysis predicted that -308G to A substitution in the TNF-α promoter might lead to different allelic expressions. In addition, TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism would result in a major change in the mRNA and protein functions. CONCLUSION: Our study for the first time presented evidence on the association of the placental TNF-α -308GA genotype and TNF-α -238A allele with decreased risk of PE in an Iranian population.

Genetic and epigenetic analysis of the BAX and BCL2 in the placenta of pregnant women complicated by preeclampsia.

The current study examined the effects of BAX and BCL2 polymorphisms and methylation as well as mRNA expression on susceptibility to PE. After delivery, the placentas were collected from 92 women with PE, as well as 106 normotensive pregnant women. The BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms were genotyped by the PCR-RFLP method. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used for analysis of promoter methylation. mRNA expression was assayed by Quantitative RT-PCR. In addition, in silico analysis was performed by bioinformatics tools. There was no relationship between PE and placental BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms. The groups were not significantly different regarding the promoter methylation of BAX gene. Nonetheless, the MM status of BCL2 promoter had a significantly higher frequency in the PE group and was associated with 2.7-fold higher risk of PE (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.3-5.6; P = 0.01). The relative mRNA expression of BCL2 was decreased in the placentas of PE women (P < 0.0001). The expression of BAX gene was not significantly different between the two groups. There was no association between placental BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms and mRNA expression levels. In silico analysis indicated that BAX rs4645878 and BCL2 rs2279115 polymorphisms were located in the core recognition site of different transcription factors and these substitutions of wild allele resulted in the loss and/ or change of these binding sites and subsequently may alter BCL2 and BAX expression. This study showed that the BAX and BCL2 polymorphisms and BAX promoter methylation were not associated with PE risk. The BCL2 promoter methylation was associated with lower BCL2 expression and higher PE susceptibility.

The effect of the placental DROSHA rs10719 and rs6877842 polymorphisms on PE susceptibility and mRNA expression.

Evidence showed that microRNA biosynthesis plays the main role in pathogenesis of several diseases including Preeclampsia (PE). Therefore, microRNA processing enzymes may involve in PE predisposition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the relation between DROSHA rs10719 and rs6877842 polymorphisms and mRNA expression in the placenta of PE women and controls. This study recruited 110 PE women and 115 age matched normotensive pregnant women for genotyping of DROSHA polymorphisms and analyzing of mRNA expression. There was no association between alleles and genotypes of placental DROSHA rs10719 and rs6877842 polymorphisms and PE susceptibility. However, placental DROSHA rs10719 was associated with increased PE risk in the recessive model. The combination of CC/GG genotypes of DROSHA rs10719 and rs6877842 polymorphisms was associated with higher risk of PE. The frequency of C-G haplotype was higher in PE women, but the difference was not significant. The DROSHA mRNA expression was downregulated in the placenta of PE women. There was no relation between DROSHA mRNA expression and rs6877842 polymorphism, however, it was decreased in the placenta of women with rs10719CC genotype. The placental DROSHA rs10719 but not rs6877842 polymorphism could be a risk factor for PE susceptibility only in the recessive model. The combination of CC/GG genotypes could be risk factors for PE susceptibility. The DROSHA expression downregulated in the preeclamptic placentas and those carrying rs10719CC genotype.

The association of pri-miRNA- 26a1 rs7372209 polymorphism and Preeclampsia susceptibility.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of noncoding small RNAs which regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional repression or degradation of messenger RNA. They play very important roles in various biological processes including growth, differentiation, and proliferation, as well as apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metabolism. Therefore, in the present study, we evaluated the possible effect of functional rs7372209C/T polymorphism in the 5'- region of pri-miRNA- 26a1gene on preeclampsia(PE) susceptibility. This case-control study was conducted on 219 PE women and 204 unrelated healthy controls. The amplification refractory mutation system-polymerase chain reaction method was used for rs7372209C/T genotyping. The pri-miRNA- 26a1 rs7372209CT genotype was associated with decreased PE risk (OR, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.3-0.8], P = 0.001). The frequency of rs7372209TT genotype did not differ between two groups. In addition, the pri-miRNA- 26a1 rs7372209 polymorphism was associated with lower risk of PE in dominant model (CT+TT vs CC) (OR, 0.5 [95% CI, 0.4-0.8], P = 0.002). Although there was no significant difference between mild and severe PE women according to rs7372209CT genotype, the differences between mild and severe PE groups with controls remained significant. The frequency of pri-miRNA-26a1 rs7372209CT genotype was not different between late-onset PE and early onset PE groups. The present study showed for the first time that the pri-miRNA- 26a1 rs7372209 polymorphism was associated with lower risk of mild and severe PE in the dominant model and this polymorphism could be a protective factor for PE susceptibility.

Renalase rs10887800 polymorphism is associated with severe pre-eclampsia in southeast Iranian women.

Evidence has shown that pre-eclampsia (PE) is associated with an increased level of catecholamines. Renalase is a catecholamine-metabolizing enzyme, which contributes to the occurrence of hypertension. In the current study, we aimed to assess the relation between two renalase gene ( RNLS) polymorphisms, including rs2576178 at the 5'-flanking region and rs10887800 at intron 6, near the exon/intron border and PE susceptibility. In this case-control study, 179 women with PE and 202 normotensive pregnant women were genotyped for RNLS rs2576178 and rs10887800 polymorphisms by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There was no association between RNLS rs10887800 and rs2576178 polymorphisms and PE, neither in the dominant nor in the recessive model. Although there was no association between RNLS rs10887800 polymorphism and mild PE, this polymorphism was associated with 2.2-fold higher risk of severe PE in the recessive model (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-4.4; P = 0.01) but not in the dominant model. The RNLS rs2576178 and rs10887800 polymorphisms were not associated with PE severity. The RNLS rs10887800 and rs2576178 GG/GG combined genotypes were associated with 8.4- and 16.7-fold higher risk of PE and severe PE, respectively (OR, 8.4; 95% CI, 1-71.1; P = 0.048 and OR, 16.7; 95% CI, 1.6-167; P = 0.018). Also, the G-G haplotype was associated with 1.7-fold risk of PE and mild PE (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.4; P = 0.009 and OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1-2.5; P = 0.02). The RNLS rs10887800 polymorphism was associated with severe PE. The RNLS rs10887800 and rs2576178 GG/GG combined genotypes and G-G haplotype were associated with higher risk of PE.

Genetic polymorphisms of miRNA let7a-2 and pri-mir-34b/c are associated with an increased risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma and clinical/pathological features.

microRNAs (miRNAs) as a group of short noncoding RNAs are crucial molecules in transcriptional and translational regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Evidence showed there was an association between the miRNA polymorphisms and various cancers, including papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). The present study aims to evaluate the possible effects of let7a-2 rs1143770 and pri-mir-34b/c rs4938723 polymorphisms on PTC susceptibility. A total of 120 patients with PTC and 130 age, sex, and race matched controls were enrolled in the case-control study. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used for genotyping of let7a-2 rs1143770 and pri-mir-34b/c rs4938723 polymorphisms. The let7a-2 rs1143770 CT and TT genotypes were associated with a 1.9-fold and 2.2-fold higher risk of PTC, respectively (P = 0.027 and P = 0.041). Moreover, the let7a-2 rs1143770 polymorphism was associated with increased PTC risk in both dominant (2-fold, P = 0.015) and the allelic model (1.5-fold, P = 0.03). The frequency of pri-mir-34b/c rs4938723TC genotype was significantly higher in patients with PTC and associated with a two-fold higher risk of PTC (P = 0.013). In addition, this polymorphism was associated with a 1.8-fold increased risk of PTC in dominant model (P = 0.021). The let7a-2 rs1143770CT genotype was associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk of N1 stage in PTC patients (P = 0.04), however, pri-mir-34b/c rs4938723TC genotype was associated with a 3.4-fold and 5.1-fold increased risk of III-IV stage and vascular invasion in PTC group, respectively (P = 0.04 and P = 0.04). In conclusion, the present study shows that let7a-2 rs1143770 and pri-mir-34b/c rs4938723 polymorphisms could be susceptible factors for PTC and some clinical features.

The association of the placental CASPASE-3 gene polymorphisms and preeclampsia susceptibility and in-silico analysis.

Preeclampsia is a pathologic complication of pregnancy, associated with increased apoptosis in the cytotrophoblasts as the main cause of this disorder. Caspase-3 is a key apoptosis-related enzyme that both mitochondrial and death receptor apoptotic pathways can activate. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of placental CASP-3 rs4647602 and rs4647610 polymorphisms on PE susceptibility. The placentas of 106 PE women and 115 normotensive pregnant women were collected. Genomic DNA was extracted from the placenta. For genotyping of CASP-3 rs4647602 and rs4647610 polymorphisms, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used. The frequencies of placental CASP-3rs4647602CA and rs4647610GA genotypes were higher in PE women; however, the differences were not statistically different (P = 0.36 and P = 0.13, respectively). In addition, the frequencies of CA-GA combined genotypes and A-A haplotype were higher in PE women compared to the control women; however, the differences were marginally non-significant (P = 0.051 and P = 0.08, respectively). In-silico analysis revealed new enhancer and silencer motifs for mutant alleles of CASP-3rs4647602 and rs4647610 polymorphisms. In conclusion, placental CASP-3rs4647602 and rs4647610 polymorphisms were not associated with PE. Further studies with higher sample size are necessary to confirm or refute these findings.

Hypomethylation of the miRNA-34a gene promoter is associated with Severe Preeclampsia.

PURPOSE: PE is a pregnancy-specific complication, which genetic and epigenetic factors play key roles in its pathogenesis. DNA methylation is a main epigenetic alteration with important roles in gene regulation. Micro RNAs (miRNAs) as another member of epigenetic machinery regulate the gene expression and involve in different biological pathways including apoptosis and placental development. Therefore, the present study performed to assess the association between miRNA-34a promoter methylation and PE susceptibility. METHODS: The placenta of 104 PE pregnant women and 119 normotensive pregnant women were collected after delivery. The methylation status of the miRNA-34a promoter was assessed using Methylation Specific PCR (MSP). RESULTS: The frequency of the hemi-methylated (MU) miR-34a promoter was significantly lower in PE women compared to the controls (17.3 vs. 29.4%) (OR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.2-0.9], P = 0.016). The overall methylation rate was 23.1% in PE women and 41.2% in the control group and was significantly lower in PE women (OR, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2-0.8], P = 0.004). The frequency of hemi-methylated (MU) and overall methylated (MU+MM) promoter of miR-34a gene was significantly lower in severe PE but not in mild PE women compared to the controls [(OR, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1-0.8], P = 0.02) and (OR, 0.3 [95% CI, 0.1-0.7], P = 0.009), respectively]. There was an association between hemi-methylated (MU) and overall methylated (MU+MM) promoter and late onset PE [(OR, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2-0.9], P = 0.03) and (OR, 0.4 [95% CI, 0.2-0.8], P = 0.01), respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: An association was found between hypo-methylation of the miR-34a promoter and PE and PE severity.

Association between ERα polymorphisms and systemic lupus erythematosus: susceptibility and in silico analysis.

BACKGROUND: Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a multisystem and autoimmune disorder leading to damage of multi-organ systems. The current study aimed to assess the possible association between ERα gene polymorphisms and SLE in a southeast Iranian population. METHODS: The ERα PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method in 170 SLE patients and 186 healthy subjects. RESULTS: There was no association between ERα PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms and SLE susceptibility; however, the combination of the TC/AA and CC/GG genotypes of ESR α PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms were more frequent in SLE patients. The results indicated that TT haplotype of the ERα gene polymorphisms could increase the SLE risk almost 2.4-fold (odds ratio 2.4, 95% CI 1.3-4.3, P = 0.005). The in silico analysis revealed that the ERα PvuII and XbaI single nucleotide polymorphisms occurred in acceptor splicing sites, and these mutations can lead to the increase of Human Splicing Finder score of the mutant alleles. CONCLUSIONS: The ESR α PvuII and XbaI polymorphisms have no association with SLE; however, the combination of the TC/AA and CC/GG genotypes were associated with SLE susceptibility.

Relationships between Dicer 1 polymorphism and expression levels in the etiopathogenesis of preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific complication which is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have shown the aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the placenta of patients with PE. Dicer1 is a key enzyme in the generation of small noncoding RNAs including miRNAs. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between maternal and placental Dicer1 rs3742330 polymorphism and placental Dicer1 mRNA expression in PE and normotensive pregnant women. The blood and placenta of PE pregnant and normotensive pregnant women were collected after delivery. Dicer1 rs3742330 polymorphism was genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. The mRNA expression levels were measured using quantitative real time PCR. The maternal Dicer1 rs3742330 polymorphism was not associated with PE or PE severity; however, the placental Dicer1 rs3742330 AG genotype was associated with two fold higher risk of PE and three fold higher risk of severe PE (P = 0.018 and P = 0.005, respectively). The relative mRNA expression of Dicer1 gene in the placenta did not differ between the two groups. In addition, the relative mRNA expression of Dicer1 gene was significantly lower in the placenta of women with rs3742330 AG+GG genotypes in the total population (P = 0.028) and PE women (P = 0.004), but not in the control group. In conclusion, there was a relationship between placental but not maternal Dicer1 rs3742330 polymorphism and PE. There was no difference in Dicer1 mRNA expression between the PE and control groups; however, it was significantly lower in the placenta of women with rs3742330 AG+GG genotypes.

Genetic variants in 3'-UTRs of MTHFR in the pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia and bioinformatics analysis.

Preeclampsia (PE) as a pregnancy-specific disorder is the major cause of mortality and morbidity of mothers and fetuses. This study attempts to investigate the possible association between the 2572C>A (rs4846049) and 4869C>G (rs1537514) polymorphisms in the 3'- untranslated region of MTHFR gene and the risk of PE. A total of 198 patients diagnosed with PE and 171 unrelated, age matched healthy pregnant women, were recruited for this case-control study. The MTHFR 2572C>A and 4869C>G genotyping was performed by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. The CG genotype of MTHFR 4869C>G was associated with decreased risk of PE, and this genotype was found to be a protective factor for PE susceptibility. There was no significant difference in the genotypes of MTHFR 2572C>A polymorphism between PE patients and control group. The frequency of combined AC/CG genotypes of MTHFR 2572C>A and 4869C>G polymorphisms were less frequent in PE patients and were associated with a lower risk of PE. The C-G and A-G haplotypes of MTHFR 2572C>A and 4869C>G polymorphisms were significantly lower in PE patients. In conclusion, the CG genotype of MTHFR 4869C>G polymorphism was associated with a lower risk of PE. No association was found between MTHFR 2572C>A polymorphism and PE.

The association of the placental MTHFR 3'-UTR polymorphisms, promoter methylation, and MTHFR expression with preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy specific complication arises in presence of the placenta and disappears immediately after delivery. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible effects of the placental 3'-UTR rs1537514C>G and rs4846049C>A polymorphisms and DNA methylation of the MTHFR gene on the MTHFR mRNA expression. The placenta of 74 PE pregnant women and 75 normotensive pregnant women were collected after delivery. The methylation status of the MTHFR promoter was assessed with Methylation Specific PCR (MSP). The rs1537514C>G and rs4846049C>A polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR-RFLP method. The mRNA expression levels were measured by Quantitative Real Time PCR. The results showed the lower MTHFR mRNA expression in the placenta of PE women. There was an association between hypermethylation and lower MTHFR mRNA expression in PE women and entire women but not normotensive pregnant women. The frequency of MTHFR rs1537514CG genotype was significantly lower in PE women; however, there was no association between MTHFR rs4846049C>A polymorphism and PE. The combination effects of MTHFR CG/AC genotypes and G-A haplotype of MTHFR rs1537514/rs4846049 polymorphisms were associated with lower risk of PE. The MTHFR rs1537514G (4869G) allele was associated with higher MTHFR mRNA expression in both groups. However, there was no relation between MTHFR rs4846049C>A polymorphism and MTHFR mRNA expression. Our findings showed lower MTHFR mRNA expression in PE women. The MTHFR rs1537514C>G polymorphism was associated with lower PE risk and MTHFR mRNA expression. Lower expression of MTHFR mRNA was observed in the women with the hypermethylated promoter.

The Drosha rs10719 T>C polymorphism is associated with preeclampsia susceptibility.

PURPOSE: Drosha is a member of the micro RNA (miRNA) processing machinery that affects miRNA processing. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Drosha gene might affect microRNA processing and the expression of various genes. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between SNPs in the Drosha gene and preeclampsia (PE) in the southeast of Iran. METHODS: Genotyping of Drosha rs10719 and rs6877842 was performed using blood samples from 219 PE women and 205 healthy control subjects by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS: The Drosha rs10719TC genotype was significantly associated with 1.6-fold higher risk of PE (odds ratio (OR, 1.6 [95% CI, 1.1-2.4], P = 0.026). In addition, the frequency of the Drosha rs10719CC genotype was significantly higher in PE women and was associated with threefold higher risk of PE (OR 3 [95% CI 1.4-6.3], P = 0.004). There was no association between the Drosha rs6877842 polymorphism and PE susceptibility. The CC-GG combined genotype was associated with 3.4-fold higher risk of PE (OR 3.4 [95% CI 1.4-8.1], P = 0.007). The haplotype-based association analysis showed higher frequency of C-G haplotype of Drosha rs10719 and rs6877842 polymorphisms with the increased risk of PE 1.5-fold (OR 1.5 [95% CI 1.1 - 2], P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The Drosha rs10719TC and CC genotypes were associated with PE risk. The CC-GG combined genotype and C-G haplotype of Drosha rs10719 and rs6877842 polymorphisms may increase PE susceptibility.

Polymorphisms of the folate metabolizing enzymes: Association with SLE susceptibility and in silico analysis.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a typical autoimmune disorder with multiple organ involvement and unknown etiology. It has been shown that polymorphic variants of the genes encoding key enzymes of folate and methionine metabolism may influence DNA methylation. Genomic DNA was extracted from blood samples of 150 SLE patients and 160 controls, matching age, sex, and ethnicity. MTHFR rs1801133C>T and MTR rs1805087A>G polymorphisms were genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. MTHFR rs1801131A>C genotype was determined by the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (Tetra-ARMS), and DHFR rs70991108 polymorphisms' genotyping was performed by PCR methods. In-silico approach was used to analyses the effects of these variations on the structure of mRNA and protein. MTHFR rs1801131AC+CC genotypes were significantly higher in the SLE patients compared to the controls (37 vs. 26%, OR 1.7 (95% CI 1-2.8); p=0.03). The frequency of MTHFR rs1801131C allele was significantly higher in the SLE patients than the controls (22 vs. 15%, p=0.02). However, there was no association between MTHFR rs1801133C>T polymorphism and SLE. The frequency of CT haplotype of MTHFR rs1801133C>T and rs1801131A>C polymorphisms was significantly higher in the SLE patients (20 vs. 12%), and CT haplotype may be potentially a risk factor for SLE susceptibility [OR 1.9 (95% CI 1.2-2.9); p=0.006]. There was no association between alleles and genotypes of DHFR rs70991108 polymorphism and SLE susceptibility. The frequency of MTR rs1805087AG genotype was less frequent in the SLE patients compared to the controls, and this genotype could decrease the SLE risk (35 vs. 48%), (OR, 0.6 (95% CI, 0.4 to 0.9), p=0.03). In silico-analysis showed that both of MTHFR rs1801133C>T and rs1801131A>C SNPs made fundamental changes in the secondary structure of MTHFR-mRNA (p=0.0412 and p=0.1641; p<0.2). Also, structural analysis of the rs1801131A>C variation showed a significant effect on MTHFR function. Bioinformatics analysis showed that rs70991108 polymorphism in DHFR gene would lead to a significant alteration of the splicing process. In conclusion, MTHFR rs1801131 AC+CC genotypes could be a risk factor and MTR rs1805087AG genotype could be a protective factor for SLE susceptibility. There was no association between MTHFR rs1801133C>T and DHFR rs70991108 polymorphisms and SLE.

The placental vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms and preeclampsia/preeclampsia severity.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious pregnancy-specific condition, which originates from placenta and finishes after delivery. The present study has investigated the association between placental VEGF I/D (rs35569394), -1154G/A (rs1570360), and -634G/C(rs2010963) polymorphisms and maternal VEGF -2549 I/D (rs35569394) polymorphism with PE and PE severity. In this case-control study, the maternal blood of 217 women with PE and 210 normotensive pregnant women and the placenta of 84 PE women and 103 normotensive women were collected after delivery. Genotyping was done by PCR or PCR-RFLP methods. The maternal VEGF-2549I/D genotypes were not associated with PE or PE severity. The placental VEGF -2549 I/D genotypes were not associated with PE too; however; the placental VEGF-2549 DD genotype was statistically different between women with severe PE and mild PE or the controls. The placental VEGF -634GC and CC genotypes were significantly higher in PE women and associated with 2.6 and 2-fold higher risk of PE, respectively. The VEGF -634GC and CC genotypes were associated with PE severity. No association was found between placental VEGF -1154G/A polymorphism and PE or PE severity. The placental DGC haplotype of VEGF -2549 I/D, -1154G/A, and -634G/C polymorphisms was associated with 2.9-fold higher risk of PE. However, the placental IAG haplotype was associated with 0.3-fold lower risk of PE. In conclusion, the placental VEGF -2549 DD genotype was associated with severe PE and the placental -634GC and CC genotypes were associated with PE and severe PE. No association was found between VEGF -1154G/A polymorphism and PE or PE severity.

The ID genotype of MDM2 40 bp insertion/deletion polymorphism was associated with lower risk of SLE.

BACKGROUND: In patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), loss of immunological tolerance to self-nuclear antigens and abnormal activation of self-reactive T and B cells lead to self-antibodies and immune complex production. The autoreactive lymphocytes are removed by the apoptotic process in healthy individuals; however, apoptosis disruption could cause accumulation of apoptotic bodies and nuclear debris. Therefore, apoptosis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. PURPOSE: To investigate the association between two polymorphisms in an apoptotic-related gene, MDM2, and SLE. STUDY DESIGN: A case-control study was conducted on 200 patients with SLE and 206 healthy volunteers matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR methods were used for genotyping. RESULTS: No association was found between the MDM2 T309G polymorphism (rs2279744) and SLE. The ID genotype of the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism (rs3730485) was significantly lower in patients with SLE, and the ID genotype could be a protective factor for SLE. The DD genotype was not associated with SLE. The frequency of combined TT/ID and GG/ID genotypes of MDM2 T309G and I/D polymorphisms was lower in the patients with SLE and was associated with a lower risk of SLE. The frequency of the TD haplotype of MDM2 T309G and I/D polymorphisms was significantly lower in patients with SLE and could reduce the SLE risk. CONCLUSIONS: The ID genotype of the MDM2 I/D polymorphism was associated with a lower risk of SLE. There was no association between MDM2 T309G polymorphism and SLE.

The MDM2 promoter T309G polymorphism was associated with preeclampsia susceptibility.

PURPOSE: Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy in which abnormal proliferation and apoptosis of placenta trophoblast has a pivotal role in its pathophysiology. The aim of the current study was to examine the association between Mouse Double Minute 2 (MDM2) T309G and 40 bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms and PE risk. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted on 208 PE women and 164 healthy pregnant women matching age, sex, and ethnicity. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and PCR methods were used for genotyping. RESULTS: The MDM2 309GG genotype was associated with PE, and this genotype was found to be a risk factor for PE. There was no association between the MDM2 I/D polymorphism and PE. The haplotype-based association analysis revealed no association between MDM2 T309G and 40 bp I/D polymorphisms and PE. The frequency of TT-DD and GG-DD combined genotypes were significantly higher in PE women with marginal P values (P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: The MDM2 309GG genotype was associated with higher risk of PE. The TT-DD and GG-DD combined genotypes were higher in PE women.